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1 Food and Drug Administration Task Force. (1989). Precautions necessary with central venous catheters. FDA Drug Bulletin, 15-16

2 Kearns P, Coleman S, Wehner J. Complications of long arm-catheters: a randomized trial of central vs peripheral tip location. Journal of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition. 1996;20:20-24.

3 Caers J, Fontaine C, Vin-Hung V, et al. Catheter tip position as a risk factor for thrombosis associated with the use of subcutaneous infusion ports. Support Care Cancer. 2005;13:325-331.

4 Cadman A, Lawrance JA, Fitzsimmons L, Spencer-Shaw A, Swindell R. To clot or not to clot? That is the question in central venous catheters. Clinical Radiology. 2004;59(4):349-355.

5 National Association of Vascular Access Networks. NAVAN position statement on terminal tip placement. Journal of Vascular Access. 1998;3:8-10.

6 Infusion Nurses Society. Infusion nursing standards of practice. Journal of Infusion Nursing. 2011;34(1S):S1-S110.

7 Dariushnia SR, Wallace MJ, Siddiqi NH, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for central venous access. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21:976-981.

8 Pittiruti M, Hamilton H, Biffi R, MacFie J, Pertkiewicz M. ESPEN Guidelines on parental nutrition: Central venous catheters (access, care, diagnosis and therapy of complications). Clinical Nutrition. 2009;28:365-377. Accessed July 6, 2012

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